A microscope is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. The term microscopic means minute or very small, not visible with the eye unless aided by a microscope.

Peter Studcliffe, the Yorkshire ripper, was convicted for the murders of 13 woman. Before the murders of these woman, Sudcliffe hard already had a criminal record for assaulting three woman; Anna Rogulskyj, Olive Smelt & Tracy Browne.His next victim was 28 year old Wilma McCan(30 October 1975) who was brutally murdered on the Prince playing Fields, Leeds. He struck McCan with a hammer before stabbing her 15 times in the neck, chest, and abdomen. One of McCan's daughters committed suicide in 2007 after years of torture over her mother's death.His next killing was in January 1976 when he stabbed Emily Jackson (42) 51 times in Leeds. Then hitting her in the head with a hammer and stabbing her with a sharpened screwdriver in the neck chest and abdomen.On the 9th of May in the same year he attacked Marcella Claxton, a 20-year-old, in Roundhay Park, Leeds, when she was walking home from a party when Sudcliffe gave her a ride. When she got out of the car to urinate, he hit her with a hammer from behind.After This is continued to murder 11 more woman these were, Irene Richardson, Patricia Atkinson, Jayne MacDonald, Jean Jordan, Yvonne Pearson, Helen Rytka, Vera Millward, Josephine Whitaker, Barbara Leach, Marguerite Walls and Jacqueline Hill. In April 1980 Sutcliffe was arrested for drink driving. While awaiting trial on this charge, was the time he killed Marguerite Walls (aged 47) on the night of 20 August and Jacqueline Hill (aged 20), a student at the University of Leeds, on the night of 17 November 1980. He also attacked two other women who survived: Dr. Upadhya Bandara (aged 34) in Leeds on 24 September and Theresa Sykes (aged 16) in Huddersfield on the night of 5 November. On 25 November, one of Sutcliffe's friends reported him to the police as a suspect, but this information vanished into the enormous volumes already created. Sutcliffe's friend assumed that they had investigated him and cleared him.On 2 January 1981, Sutcliffe was stopped by the police with prostitute Olivia Reivers (aged 24) in the driveway of Light Trades House, Melbourne Avenue, Broomhill, Sheffield. He was arrested, on grounds of having fitted his car with false number plates. He was transferred to Dewsbury Police Station in connection with this offence. At Dewsbury, he was questioned in relation to the Yorkshire Ripper case, as he matched so many of the physical characteristics known. The discovery the next day of a knife, hammer and rope he had disposed of at the time and place of his arrest along Melbourne Avenue and a second knife he had placed in the toilet cistern at the police station, having used the pretext of needing to urinate, increased police interest, and they obtained a search warrant for his home at 6 Garden Lane in the Heaton district of Bradford and brought his wife in for questioning.On 4th January 1981, Sudcliffe was declared the ripper. At his trial, Sutcliffe pleaded not guilty to 13 counts of murder, but guilty to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility. The basis of his defence was his claim that he was the tool of God's will. Sutcliffe first claimed to hear voices while working as a gravedigger, that ultimately would 'order' him to begin killing prostitutes. He claimed that the voices originated from a headstone of a deceased Polish man, Bronislaw Zapolski,and furthermore that the 'voices' were that of God.Sudcliffe was later then diagnosed with schizophrenia and was sent to Broadmoor Hospital, which where he remains today.
Many DNA evidence were left at the scenes of Sutcliffes crimes; fingerprints on body's

chromatography

Chromatography is a family of laboratory techniques for separating mixtures of chemicals into their individual compounds. The basic principle of chromatography is that different compounds will stick to a solid surface or dissolve in a film of liquid to different degrees. Chromatography is used extensively in forensics, from analyzing body fluids for the presence of illicit drugs, to fiber analysis, blood analysis from a crime scene, and at airports to detect residue from explosives.

dna fingerprinting.

The chemical structure of everyone's DNA is the same. The only difference between people (or any animal) is the order of the base pairs. There are so many millions of base pairs in each person's DNA that every person has a different sequence.
Using these sequences, every person could be identified solely by the sequence of their base pairs. However, because there are so many millions of base pairs, the task would be very time-consuming. Instead, scientists are able to use a shorter method, because of repeating patterns in DNA.
These patterns do not, however, give an individual "fingerprint," but they are able to determine whether two DNA samples are from the same person, related people, or non-related people. Scientists use a small number of sequences of DNA that are known to vary among individuals a great deal, and analyze those to get a certain probability of a match.

blood types

her are some differnent blood types


A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).

The four main blood types: A, B, AB and O.

finger prints

fingerprints can be used to solve crime but first her are some of the differnt types of finger prints

the arch

the whorl

double loop

simple loop

csi

All finger prints are differnt even twins finger prints are differnt this is how scientists can tell which person comited the crime. Scientists examin the finger print and use hi tech equiptment

and then they can match this up to a person.